Soil is the top layer of earth surface made up of organic and inorganic materials. Land degradation is, usually, the result of complex inter-relationships between biophysical and socio-economic issues which affect many people and their land, specially in the tropics and developing countries. Land degradation and deforestation causes food insecurity, increased food prices, climate change, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and environmental hazards. Land-use records are maintained by land revenue department. According to a 2015 report of Indian institute of remote sensing, 147 million hectares of land is eroded in India. Context: The 14th edition of the Conference of Parties (COP-14) to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) ended on 13th September 2019. Desertification in India. Development Goal 15 (SDG 15) - Life on land. Table 3. According to the UNCCD, land degradation refers to the loss of biological or economic productivity of land resulting from land uses or from a combination of factors including human activities. The difference between desertification and land degradation is not process-based but geographic. The Atlas was made by studying satellite imageries of India over an eight-year period and was released in June 2016 by ISRO Space Applications Centre (SAC). Global Efforts to Prevent Desertification The Bonn Challenge: To bring 150 million hectares of the world's deforested and degraded land into restoration by 2020, and 350 million hectares by 2030. Topic: World geography 3) Differentiate between land degradation and desertification? India faces a severe problem of land degradation, or soil . Recently, the Indian Prime Minister delivered a keynote address at the United Nations (UN) "High-Level Dialogue on Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought " via video conference. Desertification/land degradation status map of India. It is also caused by human activities that pollute or degrade the quality of soils and land utility. Relevance: GS- 3 Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment. India is facing a severe problem of land degradation ie. Speaking at the high-level virtual dialogue on desertification, land degradation and drought organised by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in New York, Indian PM said that India is on track to restore 26 million hectares (mha) of degraded land in order to achieve land degradation neutrality by 2030. Part of: GS Prelims and GS -II - International Relations and GS III - Conservation . Desertification is defined by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) 1995 as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry-sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including climate variation and human activities. Integrated land and water management are key methods of desertification prevention. Desertification is a form of Land degradation and refers to the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought . For example, Desertification is taking place much faster worldwide than historically and usually arises from the demands of increased populations that settle on the land in order to grow crops and graze animals. The concept of Land Degradation has evolved over time and its focus shifted from production-oriented to the broader scope of impact on ecosystems. Desertification: Causes, Effects and Control! In news. UPSC IAS Prelims GS I Question Paper and Answer Key. Q) Consider the following statements with regard to the Sambhar Salt Lake. 1.2.1 Land area and 1.2.2 Land under water (Area under water) Land under single use (details as per concepts given by ISIC) Land under multiple use Net land area under use Gross land area under use (Details as per concepts given by ISIC) Intensity of use [(b)/(a)] Land not in use due to degradation Other land area (not elsewhere cla ssified) 19. To fight this menace, India will convert degraded land of nearly 50 lakh (5 million) hectares to fertile land in the next 10 years (between 2021 and 2030). Land Degradation in Other States. (a) 1. Context - Despite PM Modi's assurance, land degradation, desertification increasing Concept -. This was the first time that India hosted an edition of the UNCCD COP. The 14 th Conference of Parties (COP) of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification was held in September this year. Desertification is a form of land degradation caused by poor land management of dry-lands rather than spreading of existing deserts. Forests, desertification and biodiversity Martin 2020-08-11T09:59:01-04:00 . 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are This has a considerable financial impact. Q.4. Desertification & Land Degradation Atlas It is an ISRO-led study and was commissioned by the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change. Positive correlations between fertility and deforestation have been found in studies in Central (48, 49) and South America (50, 51). The terms desertification refers to degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities. [SDG 15 - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation and biodiversity loss] PROGREEN is a World Bank fund dedicated to boosting countries' efforts to address landscape degradation. (e) Land where no greenery can be sustained. While the country had committed to achieve land degradation neutrality by 2030, it witnessed an increase of 1.87 million hectares undergoing process of desertification between 2003-05 and 2011-13, according to the report. Degradation of soils and sensitivity of land to desertification are intensified in last decades in the Mediterranean region producing heterogeneous spatial patterns determined by the interplay of factors such as climate, land-use changes, and human pressure. High-level Dialogue on Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought. However, in many parts of the world (Amazon. The 2018 Theme of WDCDD is "Land has true value - invest in it." It urges to move away from unsustainable land use and make a difference by investing in the future of land. (200 Words) Goh Cheng Leong, Chapter 7 Land degradation refers to the deterioration or loss of the productive capacity of the soil. Many a times, UPSC rephrases and changes the language, and repeats the same question. A) Causes of Desertification. ADVERTISEMENTS: (d) Land which produces less than 20% of economic potential. Desertification refers to the process of land degradation in which fertile land turns barren by losing its natural resources like fauna or flora, caused due to deforestation, drought, climate flux, human actions, or inappropriate agriculture. Deforestation: The global annual rate of deforestation is estimated at 12.37 Mha or 0.82%/yr. What was the theme of the World Day to Combat Desertification 2021? Recently, a document published by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) named Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas shows that Land Degradation and Desertification has increased significantly in recent years.. Goal 15: Life on Land "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss." Goal 15 calls for more attention to preventing invasion of introduced species and more protection of endangered species. A large portion of the world's rural people live on degraded land and are exposed to problems like food insecurity, scarcity of water, drought, etc. Land degradation, like climate change, is an anthropogenic-induced process and poses biggest threat to sustainable livelihood security of the farming communities across the country. (the difference in biodiversity between regions . While interpretations of the term desertification vary, the concern centers on human-caused land degradation in areas with low or variable rainfall known as drylands: arid, semi-arid, and sub . It is the country's largest inland fresh water body which attracts thousands of migratory birds every year. It encompasses physical (soil erosion), chemical (salinity and alkalinity, pollution . About 29% or about 96.4 million hectares are considered degraded. The day aims to remind everyone that land degradation neutrality is achievable through problem-solving, strong community involvement and co-operation at all levels. Land Degradation. This was the first time that India hosted an edition of the UNCCD COP. Content: Causes of land degradation and desertification. soil becoming unfit for cultivation. Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. India, along with the rest of the world, is facing crisis due to land degradation and desertification. mapping (DSM) was taken up in 2004. . Across the world, desertification affects the livelihoods of millions of people who rely on the benefits that dryland ecosystems can provide. A number consists of three digits of which the middle one is zero and their sum is 4. Subject - Environment. Desertification, Land degradation, and Drought (DLDD) have shown a severe effect on our GDP. It is often done as a part of forest management under different silvicultural systems. Land degradation occurs everywhere, but is known as desertification when it occurs in the dryland ecosystems, i.e. Soils. Although land degradation can occur anywhere across the world, when it occurs in drylands, it is considered desertification (FAQ 1.3). We also know that environment means surrounding things around us that are atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It is land degradation occurring in arid, semiarid and dry sub-humid areas of the world. India, along with the rest of the world, is facing crisis due to land degradation and desertification. Home to a third of the human population in 2000, drylands occupy nearly half of Earth's land area. The extent is more than 2 per cent in nine of the mapped districts. Land and soil are some of the most important resources to humans on Earth.. Most degraded in India ; The land use categories add up to reporting area, which is somewhat different from the geographical area. Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss. Desertification results primarily from man-made activities. Context: The 14th edition of the Conference of Parties (COP-14) to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) ended on 13th September 2019. Soil erosion is movement of soil from one place to another due to wind, water or some other erosion agents. The actual figure may be small compared to other places in India but the rate of degradation was the third highest. The land degradation is not only affecting India economically but is also exacerbating the climate change events in the country. Relevant for prelims and GS paper 3 (Environment and conservation):-NEW DELHI: Reiterating its commitment to fight desertification, India has launched a pilot project to restore degraded forest landscapes in five states over the next 42 months. only difference between these two sites was the level of gra zing pressure, According to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), about 25 percent of the total land area has been . Sustainable management of land As per the Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India, 2007, the country's percentage under drylands is 69.6%. status map of India, a task of desertification/land degradation status. ; The theme of the Conference was 'Restore land, Sustain future'. Land Degradation issue in the North East. This means that 29.7 per cent of the country's land in that year became . Soil degradation is a serious global environmental problem and may be exacerbated by climate change. In the years 2000, 2002, 2006 and 2010 Some of the major programmes currently implemented that address issues related to land degradation and desertification is:-Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), Answer (1 of 3): DEFORESTATION: has to do with removal of trees from a forest. It is a global problem in which climatic variability plays a pivotal role. Soil erosion is movement of soil from one place to another due to wind, water or some other erosion agents. India status: 25% of India's land is affected by desertification and 30% of the land . There has also been a shift in focus from soil degradation (such as covered by the GLASOD, ASSOD and SOVEUR projects) to land degradation (e.g. Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes. The purpose of this note is to provide a brief outline the similarities and differences between the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) launched in 2000, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to be launched in 2015 when the MDGs expire. (f) Lands which are ecologically unstable, badly eroded and degraded, (g) Land which is neither under forest cover or agricultural cover, or assigned for specific purposes such as national parks or national hydel projects. Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology. Overgrazing: Animal grazing is a huge problem for many areas that are starting to become desert biomes. India as a signatory to United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) has submitted four National Reports to UNCCD. Soils. The scale of land degradation is immense: according to the "Report for policy and decision makers: Reaping economic and environmental benefits from sustainable land management" produced by the Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative in 2015, 10 to 20 percent of all land worldwide is degraded, amounting to between six and 12 million . In this guide, we look at what land degradation is, the main types, the causes, the effects/impact, and the potential solutions to prevent it. According to a 2015 report of Indian institute of remote sensing, 147 million hectares of land is eroded in India. This means that the degradation is mainly caused by our land use activity , when we alter natural ecosystems and, consequently, rain cycles in arid and semi-arid areas. 75/100 UPSC prelims 2021 questions came from IE . Sustainable land use can address human activities such as overgrazing, overexploitation of plants, trampling of soils, and . This is an area that could produce 20m tonnes of grain annually. If there are too many animals that are . The total area undergoing land degradation in India is 105.48 million hectares, which constitutes 32.07 percentage of India's total land area. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Biotechnology, and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights. It does not imply loss of land to desert or through sand-dune movement. Land degradation within dryland regions (arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions) is termed 'desertification'. All of these factors combined with increased rate of land degradation are contributing towards decline in The main causes of soil degradation and, consequently, the main threats to its ecological functions are erosion, organic . Land Degradation: Some 97.85 million hectares (MHA) of India's total geographical area (TGA) of 328.72 MHA underwent land degradation during 2018-19. ; The theme of the Conference was 'Restore land, Sustain future'. August 8, 2014. Established in 1994, the United Nations to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management. Conservation, Environmental Pollution, and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment. Soil degradation is the loss of the intrinsic physical, chemical, and/or biological qualities of soil either by natural or anthropic processes, which result in the diminution or annihilation of important ecosystem functions. Children compensate for land insecurity through income security to parents in their old age , and a dearth of education and work opportunities for women also maintains high fertility . The present study hypothesizes that risin … The land degradation is not only affecting India economically but is also exacerbating the climate change events in the country. Soil is the top layer of earth surface made up of organic and inorganic materials. Land degradation refers to any diminishment of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning that negatively impacts the provisioning of ecosystem services and ultimately impedes poverty eradication and sustainable development. Desertification is the persistent degradation of dryland ecosystems by variations in climate and human activities. Currently, land degradation is occurring at an alarming rate worldwide. (Update 4 December 2014)The Secretary-General has released his Synthesis Report on . So, it's important to learn about how they can be degraded (and conserved/protected). In the first phase, the pilot will be conducted in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nagaland and Karnataka. Land Degradation: Impact and Steps Taken by Government. Land degradation is a worldwide problem: . Desertification is defined as a process of land degradation in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas due to various factors including climatic variations and human activities. It provides the base for the survival of living beings and holds everything that constitutes terrestrial ecosystems. Many a times, UPSC repeats exactly the same question. Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas: It is a document published by ISRO which shows that Land Degradation and Desertification have increased significantly in recent years. 1. It is caused primarily by human activities and climatic variations. If 'he number formed by interchanging the first and last digits is greater than the number itself by 198, then the difference between the first and last digits is. Desertification is defined as "a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife." It is a continuous degradation of land under the influence of natural and anthropological causes in arid, semiarid and dry-sub humid conditions. Desertification is the degradation process by which a fertile land changes itself into a desert by losing its flora and fauna, this can be caused by drought, deforestation, climate change, human activities or improper agriculture. Soils Degradation Vs Soils Desertification: Soil degradation means the decline of biophysical nutrients from soil whereas desertification means the reduction of soil moisture gradually from the soil. land areas where the mean . The UNCCD estimates that around 12m hectares of productive land are lost to desertification and drought each year. It also provides the change analysis for the duration of 15 years, from 2003-05 . Processwise area (mha) under desertification Water Wind Vegetal Frost Mass- Salinity/ Rocky/ Water Men- Frost Total erosion erosion degradation shattering movement alkalinity barren logging made heaving (mha) Arid 3.67 16.16 1.97 6.39 3.66 3.03 0 0 0 0.01 34.89 . So, the influences of man on ecology and the environment mean influences of man's action on the relationship between the different components of the environment and components of the environment itself. UPSC CSE Prelims Exam 2022 MCQs Set 69 - Free PDF Download. Discuss impact of desertification on ecology. Worse, the extent of desertification and land degradation has increased by some 1.16 million ha and 1.87 million ha respectively in just eight years, between 2003-05 and 2011-13 when SAC conducted the surveys. Desertification is a process of degradation of the land. Six states in northeastern India (Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Tripura, Nagaland and Meghalaya) were among the top 10 places in the country with the highest rates of desertification between 2003 and 2018. The Atlas provides a state wise area of degraded lands for the time frame 2018-19. It occurs because dryland ecosystems, which cover over one third of the world's land area, are extremely vulnerable to . The Convention addresses specifically the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, known as the drylands, where some of the most vulnerable ecosystems . Last week Mr. Javadekar said India had committed to rejuvenate 50 lakh hectares (5 million) of degraded land between 2021 and 2030. Relevance: GS- 3 Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment. This has a considerable financial impact. It is mainly caused by overgrazing, over drafting of groundwater and diversion of water from rivers for human consumption and industrial use, all . 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